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51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-establishedfact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to resultfrom mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of materialfundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whosesource，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿--这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantleplume)--上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。

52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantlexenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity iscreated by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending towardliquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions ofthe upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways.但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含"不相容成分"的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。

53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908,abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve's blindnessto the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personalmemories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it asteadily developing novel. F认为，P在1908年试图开始写一部小说，又为了写一部批判S-B的伟大作品的真正本质的视而不见的长篇的证明而放弃了这部小说，其后又发现这一论文又勾起了其个人记忆及小说情节的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部稳定展开的小说。

54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships thatkept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstractintelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to setthem out coherently.各种有意义的联系在所有的层次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断重新组合排列;正是这些有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性，致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地安排好。

55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb's newly published completeedition of Proust's correspondence for 1909 would document the process ingreater detail are disappointed.但是我们当中的那些希望(也算上K本人)K新出版的P1909年书信的全集能够更加详细的记录下这一过程的人都大失所望。

56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans haveexperienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newlyarriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on ourown land.现在我们必须也按照我们墨西哥裔的美国人的经历来审视这个文化，我们的经历是从一个主权的民族变成了新来的定居者的同胞，在最终沦落成为一个被征服的民族--在我们自己的土地上的契约的少数民族。

57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA's (cDNA's)that canserve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA's (mRNA's) of thepeptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will containthese Mrna'S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but arenot identical to them，then the cDNA's should still bind to these mRNA's，butshould not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA's for the true hormones.科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNA's(cDNA's)，以此作为分子探子(molecularprobe)，探觅出肽激素的信使RNA's(mRNA's)。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA's.假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补cDNA's应仍然和这些信使mDNA's粘结的程度。含有这些mRNA's的脑细胞然后就可以被分离开来，研究者可对其信使RNA's进行解码，以确定它们的蛋白质产品究竟是什么，并确定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真正的肽激素。

58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probesshould also be much faster than the immunological method because it can takeyears of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then developantiserums to them.采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。

59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed allsorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged theIce Age had they been in charge of events.然而，研究P时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。

60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and eventsnot directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the moreusual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial bedsthemselves interstratified within glacial deposits.这一序列演替(succession)所依据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事件，而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法，去研究间冰层(interglacialbed)中所发现的生物残留物，而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化(interstatified)。